Positive Psychology Has Various Applications In Our Lives.

Positive Psychology has various applications in our lives. One aspect of our life is what we do for a living and our jobs play a significant role in our overall happiness and fulfilment of life. What we do for work determines (in a way) who we are, and what we contribute to the world. It only makes sense that we enjoy what we do for 40 hours (or more) in a week. There have been many studies on how aspects of positive psychology being implemented impact organizations and businesses, and how productivity and enjoyment increase when there is a positive environment for employees to work in. In the workplace there are many detriments to morale, organizational commitment, and productivity. There are a lot of factors that lower the amount of†¦show more content†¦2016.) When this occurs the employees organizational commitment is significantly decreases and therefore they are not as committed to their work and not as productive as they can/should be. This can be the complete death of moral and even more, workplace ostracism increases intention to leave. Another way that employees cope with ostracism is to have an abundance of psychological capital that is established and reinforced outside of the workplace. Psychological capital is a group of resources defined as high self-efficacy, optimism, hope and resiliency. Having all of these resources will enable us to work creatively, efficiently, and creates a positive working atmosphere with others. In 2009 Larry Froman observed a post 2008 economy crash workplace environment (Froman 2010) Froman observed that because of the fear of job loss, the economy in a depression, and little job opportunities created a negative workplace environment that help decrease productivity. Even though this study was done almost 10 years ago, the core traits are still present in today’s workplace. From Froman’s study, an all-encompassing question about positive psychology in the workplace surfaces. How does positive psychology not only diminish the increasing stress of the US economy but also helps people flourish? Because of the fear of job loss, negative work environment, and a poor marketShow MoreRelatedApplications For Mental Health Disorders1518 Words   |  7 Pages Technology in Psychology: Applications for Mental Health Disorders Caroline G. Shriver Appalachian State University Introduction Our world is ever expanding into technology these days and while it can be hard for some to grasp – the overriding benefits that come from embracing technology out weigh the changes that must be made for those less inclined to become â€Å"tech- savvy†. 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These experiences have prepared me to pursue advanced studies in the field, while strengthening my passion and in providing me with the background required to succeed in this important area. In order to achieve my full potential in the field, I look forward to entering MEd/EdS program at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. I immensely enjoy working inRead MoreFacebook : The Positive And Negative Effects Of Facebook Addiction1309 Words   |  6 PagesFacebook has become an essential part of our life. Facebook usage involves both the simple use of the site and the level of cognitive engagement with the site. Its use means the existence of individual users on the social website, frequent visits, time committed to this site, and the kind of activities undertaken. People of different ages interact and exchange information; they share picture and videos, discuss issues, publish an advertisement for groups, chat, and also play existing applications. 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Product Mix Free Essays

INTRODUCTION Operating in over 50 countries with more than 100,000 people, Johnson Johnson USA has been ranked 4 times in the â€Å"Fortune Top 10† list of the most admired companies in the US. Johnson Johnson (JJ) India, a subsidiary of Johnson Johnson USA, is one of the leading players in the Indian pharmaceutical and consumer products business. It has employee strength of over 1,800. We will write a custom essay sample on Product Mix or any similar topic only for you Order Now It started business in India in 1947 in Bombay with Johnson’s Baby Powder, and, over time, introduced other products like toothbrushes, Johnson’s Baby Cream and Prickly Heat Powder. Briefing about this world class company, we can have a glimpse on the following points:†¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Global Manufacturer of Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Products and Medical Devices. Listed in Fortune 500 Companies Ranked 1st among 50 top Pharmaceutical companies 230 subsidiary companies with operations in over 57 countries. Well-known consumer products are the BAND-AID Brand line of bandages, Tylenol Medications , JOHNSON’S BABY Products Produced its first products in 1886 Incorporated in 1887 ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON served as the first President of the company. In 1910,JAMES WOOD JOHNSON succeeded him as President. William C. Weldon is the President (since 2002 Onwards) The other key Members of the company are:†¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ William C. Weldon:- Chairman ,Board of Directors; Chairman ,Executive Committee; Chief Executive Officer †¢ †¢ Christine A. Poon:- Vice-Chairman ,Board of Directors; Member ,Executive Committee Dominic J. Caruso: – Member, Executive Committee; Vice President, Finance; Chief Financial Officer. COMPANY STRUCTURE †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Based on the principle of Decentralized Management. Executive Committee is the principal management group. Committee is responsible for the operations and allocation of the resources. Oversees and coordinates the activities of the three segments. Each subsidiary within the business segments is, with some exceptions, managed by citizens of the country where it is located. SUBSIDIARY HOLDINGS Johnson Johnson is a highly diversified company with at least 230 subsidiaries, which it refers to as the â€Å"Johnson Johnson Family of Companies†. Some of these subsidiaries include: †¢ †¢ †¢ ALZA Corporation Baby Center, L. L. C. Johnson Johnson, Group of Consumer Companies, Inc. Johnson Johnson Health Care Systems Inc. Johnson Johnson – Merck Consumer Pharmaceuticals Co. Johnson Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Development, L. L. C. Pfizer Consumer †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ J in INDIA †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Spread its roots in India during 1947. It was Mr. Patrick Whaley who set the foundation. Launched Johnson’s Baby cream and Prickly Powder. Product like bellodomma, pharmaceutical tapes were imported from the parent company. In Sep. 957, a new company Johnson Johnson India Ltd. was created and registered. Recently this company celebrated its 50 years in India. †¢ SEGMENTS OF BUSINESS Johnson Johnson is organized into three business segments:†¢ †¢ †¢ Consumer Pharmaceutical Medical Devices and Diagnostics Consumer J manufactures and markets a broad range of products used in the fields like:†¢ †¢ à ¢â‚¬ ¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Baby and Child Care Skin Care Oral and Wound Care Women’s Health Care Nutritional and Over-the-counter Pharmaceutical Products MAJOR BRANDS Some of the major Brands of J are:†¢ †¢ AVEENO (Skin Care Products) BAND-AID (Brand Adhesive Bandages) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ CLEAN CLEAR (Teen Skin Care Products) JOHNSON’S BABY (Baby Products) NEUTROGENA (Skin and Hair Care Products) REMBRANDT (Brand of Oral Care Products) SPLENDA (No Calorie Sweetener) PRODUCT PORTFOLIO PRODUCT MIX J is known not only for the quality service types of products but also for the variety range of products. It has a huge list of Product Lines with enormous depth in each line. It also has a tremendous width depth in its Product Mix. Its Product Lines are in the following segments:? Baby Child Care ? Skin Care ? Oral and Wound Care ? Women’s Health Care ? Nutritional and Over-the-counter ? Pharmaceutical Products ? Medical Devices and Equipment. Some of the Products in the Product Line of Baby Child Care are as:0 Baby Hair Oil 0 Baby Soap 0 Baby Cream 0 Baby Body Lotion 0 Baby Massage Oil 0 Baby Powder 0 Baby Nappy Pads 0 Baby Shampoo J has done the Brand Line extension in the products like Hair Oil, Soap, Cream, Massage Oil, Powder Shampoo by launching these products in various fragrance colours. In today’s changing times, where people have become more conscious towards their health thus moving towards natural products, they prefer using J products over other Brands. J has captured the customers by Positioning itself as a Company providing Natural products devoid of chemicals. Thus its graph of Customer Confidence Index is high as compared to other Brands. Not only the Kids New Born, but also the teenagers upper age group customers have been the Target of J. It has its products flowing for every age group in every segment. Some of the products in the product line of Skin Care are:0 0 Aveeno (Brand for Skin Care Products) Clean Clear face wash 0 Clean Clear Cream 0 Clean Clear Cleansing Milk 0 Neutrogena (Brand for Skin Hair Care products) 0 Body Lotion etc. J also has its Oral Care products by the name Rembrandt. It also has its No Calorie Sweetener by the name Splenda. Product Line Length of J in Pharmaceuticals is huge. The products are for various Therapeutic uses such as:0 Anti Fungal 0 Anti-Infective 0 Cardiovascular 0 Contraceptive 0 Dermatology 0 Gastrointestinal and many more†¦ Band-Aid is one of the most popular pharmaceutical products of J. Product Line of J in Medical Devices Equipments is also quiet impressive. 0 0 It includes a broad range of products distributed to Wholesalers, Hospitals Retailers. Used principally in the professional fields by Physicians, Nurses, Therapists, Hospitals, Diagnostic Laboratories and Clinics. Products include Cordis’ circulatory disease management products, DePuy’s orthopedic joint reconstruction and spinal care products. Vistakon’s ACUVUE Disposable Contact Lens. One Touch Brand Blood Glucose Meters from LifeScan, Inc. P. F. C. Sigma Knee System from DePuy, Inc. 0 0 0 0 JJ also has several women’s Health Care products. Thus JJ has segmented the market in a way so as to target Kids, Teenagers, Women also people those are conscious about Natural products. It has strongly covered the market by diversifying itself into Pharmaceuticals Manufacturer of Medical Equipments devices. MILESTONES †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 1989: Introduced the first test kit for the detection of antibodies to hepatitis C. 1996: Introduced the first test kit to screen blood for antigens to HIV-1, the virus that is responsible for the vast majority of AIDS cases in the U. S. 997: Introduced the first fully automated blood banking system in Europe. 1999: Introduced the first fully automated blood and plasma screening system. 2000: Introduced the first blood screening kit for HCV antigen. AWARDS RECOGNISATION †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ In the year 2005 JJ was recognized by National Safety Council for the excellence in environmental, health and safety ma nagement. In the year 2006 Working Mother Magazine named JJ in best 100 places to work for mother. Fortune magazine ranked JJ in 9th position in over all industry and also listed it in the America most admired companies in 2006. In the year 2007 JJ receive the Spark Award for the new packing and advertising campaign. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY †¢ †¢ †¢ Centre of Health, Environment and Justice AND JJ launched PVC consumer campaigns. Developed a PVC phase out policy in June 2007 Signed the Compact for Safe Cosmetics. A pledge to make safe products. Eco-Friendly Endeavour’s 0 0 Reached a settlement with the U. S. govt. in December 2006. Installed a â€Å"ZERO† discharge cooling tower water treatment system. Help-age 0 0 0 Donated to TSUNAMI relief efforts in Asia. Gave $10 million to September 11 , 2001 victims. Working to reduce its green house gas emissions. Environmental Policy 0 0 0 0 0 0 Integrating Environmental goals. Striving for ZERO WASTE. 100% resource efficiency. Enhancement of environment. Utilizing innovative technologies. Fostering ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS. CREDO 0 0 0 0 0 0 Our first responsibility – doctors, nurses, mothers, fathers, consumers. Everything of high quality. Constantly strive to reduce costs. Customers’ orders -serviced properly. Suppliers distributors – make profit. Envt. is the ultimate human health issue. FUTURE PLANS JJ Corporation has a very good perception of India. This has been supported by good results in the country. The outlook is bullish, and is supported by a high level of confidence in the Indian management team and more investments likely in the coming years. Double-digit growth is forecast for the India operations. India would be a key growth driver for JJ worldwide. JJ is also exploring the opportunities for setting up BPO operations in the country. How to cite Product Mix, Essay examples

Nelson Mandela and Unitive Leadership-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a reflective essay on a Person, Historical or Current, that you consider to be a Leader. Answer: Nelson Mandela was a successful leader because of the charismatic traits of leadership such as compassionate, continuous learner, ethical, unifier, and servant and had the characteristics of self-sacrifice. According to me, the aforementioned traits enabled Nelson Mandela to end the Apartheid movement in the Southern Africa. For example, the compassionate trait of Nelson Mandela allowed him to think for the betterment of the county and the people without considering own needs. Nelson Mandela sacrificed 27 years of his life in prison for the independence of his people and country and was proud about his vision. According to me, his characteristics of being a continuous Larner, compassion for his country and the ability of self-sacrifice made him a great leader of all time (Senge, Hamilton, Kania, 2015). This essay introduces about the great leader Nelson Mandela, a world political leader who devoted his life for the betterment of South Africa and spend almost 27 years in jail as the British imprisoned him for his fight against them. Nelson Mandela was born on 18th July 1918 in a village near Transkei who was one of the members of the African National Congress under the leadership of Anton Lembede. In 1960, Nelson Mandela proposed the formation of a military wing within ANC. In 1963, Nelson Mandela was voted the head for overthrowing the government by violence. Nelson Mandelas statement was highly appreciated internationally. However, in 12th June 1964, eight accused along with Nelson Mandela was sentenced imprisonment. It is during his imprisonment; Nelson Mandelas reputation grew steadily. He was widely accepted as the most significant black leader in Southern Africa. Nelson Mandela became the potent symbol of resistance as the anti-apartheid movement. As a great leader, Nelson Mandela refused to compromise his political position to obtain his freedom (Carlin, 2012). According to me, Nelson Mandela had the ability of visualise differently for the better future conditions of the people along with deciding the ways of achieving them. This is one of the characteristics of charismatic leadership that allowed him to have a vision for better future. Due to this trait, I think Nelson Mandela was able to be a leader by inspiration. As a result, Nelson Mandela articulated a highly emotional message by using metaphors to the citizens and clarifying the goal to the nation and its people. He also had the ability to lead the nation by inspiring the people through story telling in terms of better future. Nelson Mandela had a charismatic leadership style, as he was the one who created the vision of ending Apartheid movement in the Southern Africa for the entire nation. As a leader, Nelson Mandela was always enthusiastic in the activities and challenges that came across while fulfilling the vision by being optimistic and energetic. According to me, this trait of Nelson Mandela that helped in motivating and inspiring the nation to achieve the independence by overcoming the obstacles (Howell, 2013). According to me, Nelson Mandela also had the characteristics of transformational leadership, as he was the one who rose awareness among the people regrading stopping Apartheid movement for the betterment of the country. The transformational leadership nature of Nelson Mandela allowed him to help the people to look beyond their self-interest but to consider the betterment of the entire nation. Therefore, as the people were able to look beyond their self-interest, I think it helped them in having a better understanding of the need for the change. Nelson Mandela was also able to build trust within the people that if they support him, he will bring the change for the country and its people (Dennerberg, 2014). Nelson Mandela used a democratic leadership style that provided an opportunity for him to facilitate reconciliatory communication between the different social groups of Southern Africa. According to me, this lead to a dramatic improvement in the political situation of the nation. The main feature of democratic leadership style is to encourage participation from all. During Nelson Mandelas imprisonment, the speech given by him highlighted the significance of involving all the South African citizens in the movement towards achieving the change. This is because I believe a change cannot take place above the heads or behind the backs of the people that participate in bringing the change (Allison Goethals, 2014). According to me, the charismatic nature of Nelson Mandela allowed him to visualise and convince others that courage does not signify the absence of fear. This mindset of Nelson Mandela allowed him to pretend and appear fearless. I think the fearless appearance of Nelson Mandela that helped him motivate and inspire others. According to me, a great leader should be proud of the vision and should hold his head high in any circumstances while achieving the vision. Nelson Mandela was a perfect example of this leadership nature as he was proud of his vision. The inmates said they watched Nelson Mandela walk with the head high, upright and proud, as he knew he was a role model for his nation and the rest of the world. This sense of achievement as an individual made it easier for Nelson Mandela to survive in the prison. I think that as a leader it is important to make the people understand that one needs to be proud of his vision. This is the only possible way that a leader can motivate and inspire the surrounding people to work towards the change regardless of anything and achieve it successfully (Joffe, 2013). Another characteristic of Nelson Mandela that makes him one of the greatest leaders is he believes of leading from the front but without leaving his base. I think as a great leader Nelson Mandela had the ability to think ahead time and visualise the outcomes of the change in the coming decades. Nelson Mandela knew that history was on his side and that the results are inevitable. The characteristics of Nelson Mandela to think ahead of time is a sign of great leader (O'fallon, 2012). According to me, the ability to view things in terms of decades is what allows the leaders motivate and convince the population about the change and its impact on future. The immensely strong self-believe and the pride are what made Nelson Mandela one of the greatest charismatic leaders of all time. According to me, this leadership nature of Nelson Mandela allowed him to see the positive impact of the end of Apartheid movement for the people of South Africa without being afraid thereby, bringing the change successfully (Beresford, 2014). Therefore, I can conclude that Nelson Mandela was one of the greatest charismatic leaders of all time who is selfless, fearless and believe on the vision in terms of decades allowed him to bring the change successfully for the South Africa References Allison, Goethals, . (2014). Now He Belongs to the Ages: The Heroic Leadership Dynamic and Deep Narratives of Greatness. Beresford. (2014). Nelson Mandela and the politics of South Africa's unfinished liberation. Review of African Political Economy, 297-305. Carlin. (2012). Invictus: Nelson Mandela and the game that made a nation. Atlantic Books Ltd. Dennerberg. (2014). Nelson Mandela:" no Easy Walk to Freedom. Scholastic Inc. Howell. (2013). Snapshots of great leadership. Routledge. Joffe. (2013). The State Vs. Nelson Mandela: The Trial that Changed South Africa. Oneworld Publications. O'fallon. (2012). Nelson Mandela and unitive leadership. Integral Leadership Review, 1-20. Senge, Hamilton, Kania, . (2015). The dawn of system leadership. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 27-33.

Homeless Essays - Homelessness, Humanitarian Aid, Poverty

Homeless What has been done to decrease the problem? One of the largest growing concerns in Toronto is the constantly increasing number of citizens who are finding themselves living on the streets. With the decrease in the number of available jobs, the population of homeless people has literally boomed. My questions are not as simple to answer as they may appear. Why is a large portion of our community forced to live on the streets? What has be done to decrease the problem? These are the questions I will confront in my essay. With the economical wealth attributed to the name "Canada", one would have to wonder why there is a homeless situation at all. This problem is especially evident in Canada's wealthiest city, Toronto. When it comes to the affairs of the people, it is the government who should intervene. When I look at what the government has done with regard to the homeless problem, I have to doubt that everything is being done to eradicate it. The United Nations implemented a universal d eclaration of human rights. Article 25 Section 1 of this declaration states: Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care and necessary social services, and to the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. This is a step in the right direction. However, this is not enough. These rights are subject to the discretion of the government of the country who decides to obey these universal rights. How much is "adequate"? The government, both at the federal and municipal levels, is currently working on new spending cuts. These cuts also include spending on welfare, unemployment and social services that are geared towards helping the homeless. Spending cuts can be seen as a necessity to maintain the country economically, but the reason for having a government i n the first place is to take care of the people. How can this be done when money is being taken away from those services that are necessary to uphold this obligation? Simply put, it cannot. Those obligations are served by nonprofit organizations who depend on government grants to maintain a standard of care for those who need the services. The blame cannot be placed only on the government. Such a system of assistance depends on its beneficiaries to be honest and have some integrity. Many recipients of these services attempt to "cheat the system". With no will to search for work many of these recipients remain at home and reap the benefits of their weekly cheques. This causes the government to create other services to control the amounts of money being distributed to those people. This process is costly and would be unnecessary if all of the recipients decided to take an honest approach to this service. What can the government do to decrease the homeless population? Although there is no quick and easy answer to solve this difficult problem, Toronto has the means to attempt economical ways to research and come up with ideas to solve it. Here in Ontario we have many excellent universities and colleges with equally excellent students who are taking courses in the political sciences. If the government were to cooperate with these universities and colleges and have them work in conjunction with the current research groups, then the answer to decrease the homeless population would be effectively answered. The government would encounter little expense and at the same time give the students a chance to implement what they are learning into real life situations. Everyone benefits from this idea and there are no losers. In conclusion I think that our homeless problem could eventually be rooted out entirely if everyone were to take part in the care of their fellow neighbour. If we were to stop being self-centered and start thinking about the other person who has less than us, I am sure that we would benefit from it. It isn't all that hard. A few advertisements on the television and radio, a little push from our society's leaders

Athens and Sparta the culture essays

Athens and Sparta the culture essays Athens was one of the first city-states. Each of these independent states consisted of a city and the region that surrounded it. Athens had a king, as did other Greek states. According to tradition, the first king of Athens was named Cecrops. Kings ruled the city-state until 682 B.C. Beginning that year, elected officials called archons headed the government of Athens. The general assembly, which consisted of all adult male citizens of Athens, elected the archons to one-year terms. After their term of office, the archons joined the Areopagus, a council of elder statesmen. The Areopagus judged murder trials and prepared political matters for the vote of the general assembly. Hippias fell from power in 510 B.C., and Cleisthenes, the head of a leading family, became the most powerful statesman in Athens. About 508 B.C., the Athenians adopted a new constitution proposed by Cleisthenes, which made the state a democracy. This constitution was an unwritten one, but it stayed in effect with little change for hundreds of years. The constitution kept the ideas of Solon, but it also provided for new conditions that had developed since Solon's rule. Until Cleisthenes' time, citizenship in Athens had been based on blood relationship to the four Ionic tribes that had originally settled Attica. A man had to belong to a phratry (brotherhood) to be a citizen. Under Cleisthenes' system, all men 18 years of age and older were registered as citizens and as members of the deme (village or town) in which they lived. In time, membership in the demes became hereditary, and so a man might belong to a deme in which he did not actually live. Cleisthenes divided the demes into 30 groups called trittyes, which, in turn, were divided into 10 new tribes. Each of the 10 tribes was made up of 3 trittyes from different regions of Athens. Thus, members of each tribe came from various families and different parts of the city-state. ...

Non require Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Non require - Essay Example inning as a renegade sect of Judaism that was banned by the Roman government (largely because it did not allow for the kind of religious pluralism that the Roman state was based on), to a tolerated, legal but minority religion (under the reign of Constantine),1 very briefly back to being an illegal religion (under Julian the Apostate) before finally becoming the official religion of the Roman state.2 Along with these changes in official status came changes in church structure – early Christian churches likely operated on a very small scale, with priests and bishops (where they existed) mainly serving the role of teachers and communicators, without actually wielding much power.3 As Christianity became more officially recognized, it became a more strongly organized church in itself, with greater emphasis put on hierarchy and the power and authority of church elders and leaders, and less emphasis on the importance of individual believers. Through these broad changes many disagree ments emerged: questions about who were church leaders, how their power was exercised, who got to set doctrinal legitimacy, and theological questions such as the nature of the divine. Through the broad history of Christianity, it becomes apparent that more and more of these conflicts were solved by the creation of a strict hierarchy, which put older, educated men at the head, forming church policy, while diminishing the importance and voice of anyone else. The role of women in the Church was an early issue that demonstrates the shift of power from ordinary believers into the hands of the same kind of people that ruled Roman society, older, patriarchal men. Women played an incredibly important role in early Christianity – Mary Magdalene and Mary, mother of Jesus were both incredibly important members of the early church. Likewise, Paul had many â€Å"coworkers† that demonstrate that women were indeed an important part of the early church.4 Women may have even had a role in

HRD Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HRD - Research Paper Example In this relationship, rules are created and enforced to ensure smooth running of the organisation and its effectiveness. Different actors are involved in this process including employer, employee, trade unions, and the government or state. Such a relationship may be harmonious, conflictual or antagonistic depending on the context and ideologies. This forms the core of employment relations that this report will focus on. This is a report to the boss of a multinational mining company in Australia seeking to engage the services of skilled immigrant workers under Temporary Work (Skilled) (subclass 457) visas. Bill is a newly appointed ER manager at a multinational mining company in Australia. This is the first time he is working in the mining industry having prior experience in heavy engineering and utilities. The company is about to take over operations of an existing mine on a remote site in WA. However, many mining companies in Australia claim to be facing skill shortages and reduced competitiveness due to rising labour costs thus the problem is how to fill this skill gap. The most reasonable option is to source labour from local market but since this is not forthcoming, the option of immigrants is crucial. For a long time, Australia has been using the services of immigrants to fill skill gaps. These may be filled by permanent skilled immigrants, or temporary immigrants who include: holidaymakers, students and temporary (long stay) immigrants. Jakubowicz (2013) indicates that temporary business (long stay) visas were introduced by the Howard government in 1996. Prior to that Australia was not keen on employing immigrants but permanent skilled immigrants are considered Australian citizens hence appropriate to work in Australia under prevailing working conditions and labour laws. However, the option of temporary (long stay) visas has enabled Australia to